From dacf0315f3a54838d803f9d7af0c24ef04112f1b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: c0repwn3r <core@coredoes.dev>
Date: Mon, 9 May 2022 09:45:06 -0400
Subject: [PATCH] Interrupts dont work and I dont know why

---
 Makefile                                |  56 +++++
 bin/boot.bin                            | Bin 0 -> 512 bytes
 bin/kernel.bin                          | Bin 0 -> 4256 bytes
 getinblocks.py                          |   4 +
 obj/kernel/entry.o                      | Bin 0 -> 480 bytes
 obj/kernel/kernel.o                     | Bin 0 -> 5140 bytes
 obj/kernel/platform/drivers/ports.o     | Bin 0 -> 2680 bytes
 obj/kernel/platform/interrupts/idt.o    | Bin 0 -> 3084 bytes
 obj/kernel/platform/interrupts/int.o    | Bin 0 -> 1536 bytes
 obj/kernel/platform/interrupts/isr.o    | Bin 0 -> 7312 bytes
 obj/kernel/print.o                      | Bin 0 -> 6632 bytes
 obj/kernel/strings.o                    | Bin 0 -> 3652 bytes
 obj/kernel/util.o                       | Bin 0 -> 2792 bytes
 old_src/16bit/boot.asm                  |  28 +++
 old_src/16bit/disk.asm                  |  40 ++++
 old_src/16bit/disk_boot.asm             |  28 +++
 old_src/16bit/segmentation.asm          |  26 +++
 old_src/32bit_gdt.asm                   |  31 +++
 old_src/32bit_jump.asm                  |  22 ++
 old_src/32bit_main.asm                  |  27 +++
 old_src/32bit_print.asm                 |  26 +++
 old_src/function.c                      |   3 +
 old_src/functioncalls.c                 |   7 +
 old_src/old-16b/basic_boot.asm          |   5 +
 old_src/old-16b/boot_hello.asm          |  18 ++
 old_src/old-16b/boot_memory.asm         |  27 +++
 old_src/old-16b/boot_org.asm            |   0
 old_src/old-16b/boot_stack.asm          |  38 ++++
 old_src/old_bin/boot_hello.bin          | Bin 0 -> 512 bytes
 old_src/old_bin/boot_memory.bin         | Bin 0 -> 512 bytes
 old_src/old_bin/boot_simple.bin         | Bin 0 -> 512 bytes
 old_src/old_bin/boot_stack.bin          | Bin 0 -> 512 bytes
 old_src/print.asm                       |  33 +++
 old_src/print_hex.asm                   |  38 ++++
 os-image.bin                            | Bin 0 -> 4768 bytes
 src/boot/boot.asm                       |  39 ++++
 src/boot/disk/disk.asm                  |  40 ++++
 src/boot/kernel.asm                     |  11 +
 src/boot/output/print.asm               |  33 +++
 src/boot/output/print_hex.asm           |  38 ++++
 src/boot/output/vga-print.asm           |  26 +++
 src/boot/protected/gdt.asm              |  31 +++
 src/boot/protected/protected-switch.asm |  24 ++
 src/kernel/entry.asm                    |   4 +
 src/kernel/kernel.c                     |  65 ++++++
 src/kernel/platform/drivers/ports.c     |  26 +++
 src/kernel/platform/drivers/ports.h     |   4 +
 src/kernel/platform/interrupts/idt.c    |  20 ++
 src/kernel/platform/interrupts/idt.h    |  27 +++
 src/kernel/platform/interrupts/int.asm  | 286 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/kernel/platform/interrupts/isr.c    |  89 ++++++++
 src/kernel/platform/interrupts/isr.h    |  48 ++++
 src/kernel/platform/types.h             |  18 ++
 src/kernel/print.c                      | 110 +++++++++
 src/kernel/print.h                      |  44 ++++
 src/kernel/strings.c                    |  48 ++++
 src/kernel/strings.h                    |  10 +
 src/kernel/util.c                       |  25 +++
 src/kernel/util.h                       |   8 +
 59 files changed, 1531 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Makefile
 create mode 100644 bin/boot.bin
 create mode 100755 bin/kernel.bin
 create mode 100755 getinblocks.py
 create mode 100644 obj/kernel/entry.o
 create mode 100644 obj/kernel/kernel.o
 create mode 100644 obj/kernel/platform/drivers/ports.o
 create mode 100644 obj/kernel/platform/interrupts/idt.o
 create mode 100644 obj/kernel/platform/interrupts/int.o
 create mode 100644 obj/kernel/platform/interrupts/isr.o
 create mode 100644 obj/kernel/print.o
 create mode 100644 obj/kernel/strings.o
 create mode 100644 obj/kernel/util.o
 create mode 100644 old_src/16bit/boot.asm
 create mode 100644 old_src/16bit/disk.asm
 create mode 100644 old_src/16bit/disk_boot.asm
 create mode 100644 old_src/16bit/segmentation.asm
 create mode 100644 old_src/32bit_gdt.asm
 create mode 100644 old_src/32bit_jump.asm
 create mode 100644 old_src/32bit_main.asm
 create mode 100644 old_src/32bit_print.asm
 create mode 100644 old_src/function.c
 create mode 100644 old_src/functioncalls.c
 create mode 100644 old_src/old-16b/basic_boot.asm
 create mode 100644 old_src/old-16b/boot_hello.asm
 create mode 100644 old_src/old-16b/boot_memory.asm
 create mode 100644 old_src/old-16b/boot_org.asm
 create mode 100644 old_src/old-16b/boot_stack.asm
 create mode 100644 old_src/old_bin/boot_hello.bin
 create mode 100644 old_src/old_bin/boot_memory.bin
 create mode 100644 old_src/old_bin/boot_simple.bin
 create mode 100644 old_src/old_bin/boot_stack.bin
 create mode 100644 old_src/print.asm
 create mode 100644 old_src/print_hex.asm
 create mode 100644 os-image.bin
 create mode 100644 src/boot/boot.asm
 create mode 100644 src/boot/disk/disk.asm
 create mode 100644 src/boot/kernel.asm
 create mode 100644 src/boot/output/print.asm
 create mode 100644 src/boot/output/print_hex.asm
 create mode 100644 src/boot/output/vga-print.asm
 create mode 100644 src/boot/protected/gdt.asm
 create mode 100644 src/boot/protected/protected-switch.asm
 create mode 100644 src/kernel/entry.asm
 create mode 100644 src/kernel/kernel.c
 create mode 100644 src/kernel/platform/drivers/ports.c
 create mode 100644 src/kernel/platform/drivers/ports.h
 create mode 100644 src/kernel/platform/interrupts/idt.c
 create mode 100644 src/kernel/platform/interrupts/idt.h
 create mode 100644 src/kernel/platform/interrupts/int.asm
 create mode 100644 src/kernel/platform/interrupts/isr.c
 create mode 100644 src/kernel/platform/interrupts/isr.h
 create mode 100644 src/kernel/platform/types.h
 create mode 100644 src/kernel/print.c
 create mode 100644 src/kernel/print.h
 create mode 100644 src/kernel/strings.c
 create mode 100644 src/kernel/strings.h
 create mode 100644 src/kernel/util.c
 create mode 100644 src/kernel/util.h

diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4564c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# $@ = target file
+# $< = first dependency
+# $^ = all dependencies
+
+GDB = gdb
+
+C_FILES = $(shell find src/ -type f -name '*.c')
+CO_FILES = $(patsubst src/%.c, obj/%.o, $(C_FILES))
+ASM_FILES = $(shell find src/kernel/ -type f -name '*.asm')
+AO_FILES = $(patsubst src/kernel/%.asm, obj/kernel/%.o, $(ASM_FILES))
+ABIN_FILES = $(patsubst src/%.asm, bin/%.bin, $(ASM_FILES))
+
+os-image.bin: bin/boot.bin bin/kernel.bin
+	cat $^ > $@
+
+bin/boot.bin: src/boot/boot.asm bin/kernel.bin .FORCE
+	sed -i.orig "s@CH_REPLACE_BOOTSECTORCOUNT@$(shell ./getinblocks.py $(shell du -b "bin/kernel.bin" | cut -f 1))@g" src/boot/kernel.asm
+	nasm -Isrc/boot/ $< -f bin -o $@
+	mv src/boot/kernel.asm.orig src/boot/kernel.asm
+
+.FORCE:
+
+bin/kernel.bin: obj/kernel/entry.o ${CO_FILES} ${AO_FILES}
+	i386-elf-ld -o $@ -Ttext 0x1000 $^ --oformat binary
+
+kernel.elf: obj/kernel/entry.o ${CO_FILES} ${AO_FILES}
+	i386-elf-ld -o $@ -Ttext 0x1000 $^
+
+run: clean os-image.bin
+	qemu-system-x86_64 -hdd os-image.bin
+
+debug: clean os-image.bin kernel.elf
+	qemu-system-x86_64 -s -S -hdd os-image.bin &
+	${GDB} os-image.bin -ex "symbol-file kernel.elf" -ex "target remote localhost:1234"
+
+
+
+obj/%.o: src/%.c
+	mkdir -p "$(@D)"
+	i386-elf-gcc -g -ffreestanding -c $< -o $@
+
+obj/%.o: src/%.asm
+	mkdir -p "$(@D)"
+	nasm -f elf $< -o $@
+
+bin/%.bin: src/%.asm
+	mkdir -p "$(@D)"
+	nasm -f bin $< -o $@
+
+clean:
+	find obj -type f -name '*.o' -exec rm {} +
+	find obj -type f -name '*.bin' -exec rm {} +
+	find bin -type f -name '*.o' -exec rm {} +
+	find bin -type f -name '*.bin' -exec rm {} +
+	find . -type f -name '*.dis' -exec rm {} +
+	rm -f kernel.elf
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bin/boot.bin b/bin/boot.bin
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/getinblocks.py b/getinblocks.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..d269dec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/getinblocks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+import sys, math
+intg = int(sys.argv[1])
+print(int(math.ceil(intg/512)), end='')
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diff --git a/obj/kernel/print.o b/obj/kernel/print.o
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/obj/kernel/strings.o b/obj/kernel/strings.o
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/obj/kernel/util.o b/obj/kernel/util.o
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HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/old_src/16bit/boot.asm b/old_src/16bit/boot.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..259357d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old_src/16bit/boot.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+[org 0x7c00]
+
+mov bx, HELLO
+call print
+call print_nl
+
+mov bx, GOODBYE
+call print
+
+call print_nl
+
+mov dx, 0x12fe
+call print_hex
+
+jmp $
+
+%include "print.asm"
+%include "print_hex.asm"
+
+; data
+HELLO:
+    db 'Hello, world!', 0
+
+GOODBYE:
+    db 'Bye bye!', 0
+
+times 510-($-$$) db 0
+dw 0xaa55
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/old_src/16bit/disk.asm b/old_src/16bit/disk.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4102835
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old_src/16bit/disk.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+; load 'dh' sectors from drive 'dl' into ES:BX
+disk_load:
+    pusha
+    push dx ; save dx to stack for later use, as it needs to be overwritten
+
+    mov ah, 0x02 ; ah: int 0x13 function. 0x02 = 'read'
+    mov al, dh ; al: number of sectors to read (0x01 .. 0x80)
+    mov cl, 0x02 ; cl: sector (0x01 .. 0x11). 0x01 is boot sector, 0x02 is first 'avaliable' sector
+    mov ch, 0x00 ; ch: cylinder (0x0 .. 0x3FF, upper 2 bits in 'cl')
+    ; dl: drive number. caller sets it as param and gets it from bios
+    ; 0 = floppy, 1 = floppy2, 0x80 = hdd, 0x81 = hdd2
+    mov dh, 0x00 ; dh: head number (0x0 .. 0xF)
+
+    ; [es:bx] pointer to buf where data is stored
+    ; caller sets it up, and is standard location for int 13h
+    int 13h
+    jc disk_error ; if error (in carry)
+
+    pop dx
+    cmp al, dh ; al is # of sectors read. compare it
+    jne sectors_error
+    popa
+    ret
+
+disk_error:
+    mov bx, DISK_ERROR
+    call print
+    call print_nl
+    mov dh, ah ; ah = error code, dl = disk drive that caused error
+    call print_hex
+
+sectors_error:
+    mov bx, SECTORS_ERROR
+    call print
+
+disk_loop:
+    jmp $
+
+DISK_ERROR: db "Disk read error", 0
+SECTORS_ERROR: db "Incorrect number of sectors read", 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/old_src/16bit/disk_boot.asm b/old_src/16bit/disk_boot.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd8fdbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old_src/16bit/disk_boot.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+[org 0x7c00]
+mov bp, 0x8000 ; set stack somewhere far away
+mov sp, bp
+
+mov bx, 0x9000 ; es:bx = 0x0000:0x9000 = 0x09000
+mov dh, 2 ; read 2 sectors
+; bios sets dl for disk number
+call disk_load
+
+mov dx, [0x9000] ; get first loaded word, 0xdada
+call print_hex
+call print_nl
+
+mov dx, [0x9000 + 512] ; first word from second loaded sector, 0xface
+call print_hex
+
+jmp $
+
+%include "print.asm"
+%include "print_hex.asm"
+%include "disk.asm"
+
+times 510 - ($-$$) db 0
+dw 0xaa55
+
+; boot sector passed, now its sector 2
+times 256 dw 0xdada ; sector 2
+times 256 dw 0xface ; sector 3
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/old_src/16bit/segmentation.asm b/old_src/16bit/segmentation.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..724b215
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old_src/16bit/segmentation.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+mov ah, 0x0e
+
+mov al, [the_secret]
+int 0x10 ; shouldnt work
+
+mov bx, 0x7c0 ; segment is automatically << 4
+mov ds, bx ; set data segment offset to 0x7c0
+; all memory references will be offset by ds implicitly
+mov al, [the_secret]
+int 0x10
+
+mov al, [es:the_secret]
+int 0x10
+
+mov bx, 0x7c0
+mov es, bx
+mov al, [es:the_secret]
+int 0x10
+
+jmp $
+
+the_secret:
+    db "X"
+
+times 510 - ($-$$) db 0
+dw 0xaa55
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/old_src/32bit_gdt.asm b/old_src/32bit_gdt.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2618221
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old_src/32bit_gdt.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+gdt_start: ; use labels to compute sizes and jumps
+    ; gdt starts with 8 byte null
+    dd 0x0
+    dd 0x0
+
+; GDT for code segment, base = 0x00000000, length = 0xfffff
+gdt_code:
+    dw 0xffff ; segment length
+    dw 0x0 ; segment base
+    db 0x0 ; segment base
+    db 10011010b ; flags
+    db 11001111b ; flags + segment length
+    db 0x0 ; segment base
+
+; GDT for data segment
+gdt_data:
+    dw 0xffff
+    dw 0x0
+    db 0x0
+    db 10010010b
+    db 11001111b
+    db 0x0
+
+gdt_end:
+
+gdt_descriptor:
+    dw gdt_end - gdt_start - 1 ; size, always 1 less than what it actually is
+    dd gdt_start ; address
+
+CODE_SEG equ gdt_code - gdt_start
+DATA_SEG equ gdt_data - gdt_start
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/old_src/32bit_jump.asm b/old_src/32bit_jump.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b49e7c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old_src/32bit_jump.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+[bits 16]
+enter_protected:
+    cli ; Disable interrupts
+    lgdt [gdt_descriptor] ; load the GDT
+    mov eax, cr0
+    or eax, 0x1 ; set 32-bit mode bit
+    mov cr0, eax
+    jmp CODE_SEG:init_protected ; far jump into a different segment
+
+[bits 32]
+init_protected: ; now in 32bit
+    mov ax, DATA_SEG ; update segment registers
+    mov ds, ax
+    mov ss, ax
+    mov es, ax
+    mov fs, ax
+    mov gs, ax
+
+    mov ebp, 0x90000 ; update stack to top of free space
+    mov esp, ebp
+
+    call BEGIN_PROTECTED ; call known label with useful code
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/old_src/32bit_main.asm b/old_src/32bit_main.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23a65fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old_src/32bit_main.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+[org 0x7c00] ; bootloader offset
+mov bp, 0x9000 ; set stack
+mov sp, bp
+
+mov bx, MSG_REAL_MODE
+call print ; will be written after bios messages
+
+call enter_protected
+jmp $ ; will never really be executed
+
+%include "print.asm"
+%include "32bit_gdt.asm"
+%include "32bit_print.asm"
+%include "32bit_jump.asm"
+
+[bits 32]
+BEGIN_PROTECTED: ; 32bit entry
+    mov ebx, MSG_PROT_MODE
+    call print_string_pm ; Will be written in top left
+    jmp $
+
+MSG_REAL_MODE db "Welcome! Started in 16-bit protected mode"
+MSG_PROT_MODE db "Hello, world! 32-bit mode initialized successfully"
+
+; bootsector
+times 510-($-$$) db 0
+dw 0xaa55
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/old_src/32bit_print.asm b/old_src/32bit_print.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9055e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old_src/32bit_print.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+[bits 32]
+
+; defining constants
+VIDEO_MEMORY equ 0xb8000
+WHITE_ON_BLACK equ 0x0f ; color byte
+
+print_string_pm:
+    pusha
+    mov edx, VIDEO_MEMORY
+
+print_string_pm_loop:
+    mov al, [ebx] ; [ebx] is address of char
+    mov ah, WHITE_ON_BLACK
+
+    cmp al, 0 ; is end of string?
+    je print_string_pm_done
+
+    mov [edx], ax ; store char + attribute in video memory
+    add ebx, 1 ; next char
+    add edx, 2 ; next video memory position
+
+    jmp print_string_pm_loop
+
+print_string_pm_done:
+    popa
+    ret
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/old_src/function.c b/old_src/function.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..41a7ba3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old_src/function.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+int my_function() {
+    return 0xbaba;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/old_src/functioncalls.c b/old_src/functioncalls.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..17435f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old_src/functioncalls.c
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+void caller() {
+    my_func(0xdede);
+}
+
+int my_func(int arg) {
+    return arg;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/old_src/old-16b/basic_boot.asm b/old_src/old-16b/basic_boot.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..671090b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old_src/old-16b/basic_boot.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+loop:
+    jmp loop
+
+times 510-($-$$) db 0
+dw 0xaa55
diff --git a/old_src/old-16b/boot_hello.asm b/old_src/old-16b/boot_hello.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29d250e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old_src/old-16b/boot_hello.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+mov ah, 0x0e ; enable TTY
+
+mov al, 'H'
+int 0x10
+mov al, 'e'
+int 0x10
+mov al, 'l'
+int 0x10
+int 0x10
+mov al, 'o'
+int 0x10
+mov al, '!'
+int 0x10
+
+jmp $
+
+times 510 - ($-$$) db 0
+dw 0xaa55
diff --git a/old_src/old-16b/boot_memory.asm b/old_src/old-16b/boot_memory.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1bd3e7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old_src/old-16b/boot_memory.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+mov ah, 0x0e ; enable TTY
+
+mov al, "1"
+int 0x10
+mov al, the_secret
+int 0x10
+
+mov al, "2"
+int 0x10
+mov al, [the_secret]
+int 0x10
+
+mov al, "3"
+int 0x10
+mov bx, the_secret
+add bx, 0x7c00
+mov al, [bx]
+int 0x10
+
+jmp $ ; infinite loop
+
+the_secret:
+    ; store 0x58 'X' right before zeropad
+    db "X"
+
+times 510-($-$$) db 0
+dw 0xaa55
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/old_src/old-16b/boot_org.asm b/old_src/old-16b/boot_org.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/old_src/old-16b/boot_stack.asm b/old_src/old-16b/boot_stack.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8fd1dd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old_src/old-16b/boot_stack.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+mov ah, 0x0e ; tty mode
+
+mov bp, 0x8000 ; far away from 0x7c00, want to avoid overwriting ourself
+mov sp, bp ; if stack empty, sp points to bp
+
+push 'A'
+push 'B'
+push 'C'
+
+; stack grows downwards
+mov al, [0x7ffe] ; 0x8000 - 2
+int 0x10
+
+; you can only access stack top now
+mov al, [0x8000]
+int 0x10
+
+; recover chars with pop
+; you can onoly pop words, so you need an aux register to manipulate the lower byte
+pop bx
+mov al, bl
+int 0x10
+
+pop bx
+mov al, bl
+int 0x10
+
+pop bx
+mov al, bl
+int 0x10
+
+; pop'd stack is garbage now
+mov al, [0x8000]
+int 0x10
+
+jmp $
+times 510-($-$$) db 0
+dw 0xaa55
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/old_src/old_bin/boot_hello.bin b/old_src/old_bin/boot_hello.bin
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..64402944a4fe6144ec7b9051ec2c3483b506bd94
GIT binary patch
literal 512
lcmdnOx54AAz=l*H&N(XpB=dn-@vOk>e+;8w*oQ#qDgZvd4e|g0

literal 0
HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/old_src/old_bin/boot_memory.bin b/old_src/old_bin/boot_memory.bin
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6c2eb3219136823d967a83d250fea5c2eb4ca64d
GIT binary patch
literal 512
ycmdnOx54nNzy=i{HaaV?K!pLwFg`1=TZN(VFhflj`&oh4{~{Ph!SD=$&{Y5;Oc0*{

literal 0
HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/old_src/old_bin/boot_simple.bin b/old_src/old_bin/boot_simple.bin
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..980ee558a5c4d1d8da7286686b6e92025d0869e8
GIT binary patch
literal 512
RcmaF;k6{#y*boR^1pw580_gw%

literal 0
HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/old_src/old_bin/boot_stack.bin b/old_src/old_bin/boot_stack.bin
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0385d5be3a00775b3bf9df3d47ed9cba1f945227
GIT binary patch
literal 512
wcmdnOx0j)z^G%jxmQ$AVf`9dA1r{(goE3=fxPeT7#a{no7zM*C1VUE<07Hfs9RL6T

literal 0
HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/old_src/print.asm b/old_src/print.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fd8309
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old_src/print.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+print:
+    pusha
+
+; logic being implemented here:
+; while ( string[i] != 0 ) { print string[i]; i++ }
+
+start:
+    mov al, [bx]
+    cmp al, 0 ; check if al (byte we are printing) is a 0 (null byte)
+    je done ; if so, jump to done
+
+    ; print with BIOS help
+    mov ah, 0x0e
+    int 0x10 ; char already in al
+
+    add bx, 1 ; increment pointer
+    jmp start ; repeat
+
+done:
+    popa
+    ret
+
+print_nl:
+    pusha
+
+    mov ah, 0x0e
+    mov al, 0x0a ; newline char
+    int 0x10
+    mov al, 0x0d ; carriage return
+    int 0x10
+
+    popa
+    ret
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/old_src/print_hex.asm b/old_src/print_hex.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e6df82b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old_src/print_hex.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+; data in dx
+print_hex:
+    pusha
+
+    mov cx, 0 ; index var
+
+hex_loop:
+    cmp cx, 4 ; loop 4 times
+    je end
+
+    ; 1) convert last char of 'dx' to ascii
+    mov ax, dx ; ax is working register
+    and ax, 0x000f ; 0x1234 -> 0x0004
+    add al, 0x30 ; add 0x30 to N to convert it to ascii "n"
+    cmp al, 0x39 ; if > 9, add extra 8 to represent a-f
+    jle step2
+    add al, 7 ; A is ascii 64 instead of 58, 65-58 = 7
+
+step2:
+    ; 2) get correct pos of string to place char
+    ; bx <- base address + string length - index
+    mov bx, HEX_OUT + 5
+    sub bx, cx ; cx: index
+    mov [bx], al ; copy ascii char on al to pos pointed by bx
+    ror dx, 4 ; 1234 - 4123 - 3412 - 2341 - 1234
+
+    add cx, 1
+    jmp hex_loop
+
+end:
+    mov bx, HEX_OUT
+    call print
+
+    popa
+    ret
+
+HEX_OUT:
+    db '0x0000', 0 ; reserve memory for string
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/os-image.bin b/os-image.bin
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..de78a72c2d7239f4a4746ffe17fee39fd01867bc
GIT binary patch
literal 4768
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literal 0
HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/src/boot/boot.asm b/src/boot/boot.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a4d793
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/boot/boot.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+[org 0x7c00]
+    KERNEL_OFFSET equ 0x1000 ; Same one used while linking!
+
+    mov [BOOT_DRIVE], dl ; BIOS sets boot drive to 'dl' for us
+    mov bp, 0x9000
+    mov sp, bp
+
+    mov bx, MSG_REAL_MODE
+    call print
+    call print_nl
+
+    call load_kernel
+    call enable_protected
+
+    jmp $ ; never executed
+
+%include "output/print.asm"
+%include "output/print_hex.asm"
+%include "disk/disk.asm"
+%include "protected/gdt.asm"
+%include "output/vga-print.asm"
+%include "protected/protected-switch.asm"
+%include "kernel.asm"
+
+[bits 32]
+BEGIN_PROTECTED:
+    mov ebx, MSG_PROT_MODE
+    call print_string_pm
+
+    call KERNEL_OFFSET ; give control to kernel
+    jmp $ ; infinite loop if kernel returns control to us
+
+BOOT_DRIVE db 0
+MSG_REAL_MODE db "llb: started, preparing protected mode initialization", 0
+MSG_PROT_MODE db "llb: loaded protected mode successfully, jumping to llb2", 0
+MSG_LOAD_KERNEL db "llb: loading kernel into memory at 0x1000", 0
+
+times 510 - ($-$$) db 0
+dw 0xaa55
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/boot/disk/disk.asm b/src/boot/disk/disk.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4102835
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/boot/disk/disk.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+; load 'dh' sectors from drive 'dl' into ES:BX
+disk_load:
+    pusha
+    push dx ; save dx to stack for later use, as it needs to be overwritten
+
+    mov ah, 0x02 ; ah: int 0x13 function. 0x02 = 'read'
+    mov al, dh ; al: number of sectors to read (0x01 .. 0x80)
+    mov cl, 0x02 ; cl: sector (0x01 .. 0x11). 0x01 is boot sector, 0x02 is first 'avaliable' sector
+    mov ch, 0x00 ; ch: cylinder (0x0 .. 0x3FF, upper 2 bits in 'cl')
+    ; dl: drive number. caller sets it as param and gets it from bios
+    ; 0 = floppy, 1 = floppy2, 0x80 = hdd, 0x81 = hdd2
+    mov dh, 0x00 ; dh: head number (0x0 .. 0xF)
+
+    ; [es:bx] pointer to buf where data is stored
+    ; caller sets it up, and is standard location for int 13h
+    int 13h
+    jc disk_error ; if error (in carry)
+
+    pop dx
+    cmp al, dh ; al is # of sectors read. compare it
+    jne sectors_error
+    popa
+    ret
+
+disk_error:
+    mov bx, DISK_ERROR
+    call print
+    call print_nl
+    mov dh, ah ; ah = error code, dl = disk drive that caused error
+    call print_hex
+
+sectors_error:
+    mov bx, SECTORS_ERROR
+    call print
+
+disk_loop:
+    jmp $
+
+DISK_ERROR: db "Disk read error", 0
+SECTORS_ERROR: db "Incorrect number of sectors read", 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/boot/kernel.asm b/src/boot/kernel.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47749af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/boot/kernel.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[bits 16]
+load_kernel:
+    mov bx, MSG_LOAD_KERNEL
+    call print
+    call print_nl
+
+    mov bx, KERNEL_OFFSET ; Read from disk and store at 0x1000
+    mov dh, CH_REPLACE_BOOTSECTORCOUNT ; Populated with kernel sector count at build (see makefile)
+    mov dl, [BOOT_DRIVE]
+    call disk_load
+    ret
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/boot/output/print.asm b/src/boot/output/print.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fd8309
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/boot/output/print.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+print:
+    pusha
+
+; logic being implemented here:
+; while ( string[i] != 0 ) { print string[i]; i++ }
+
+start:
+    mov al, [bx]
+    cmp al, 0 ; check if al (byte we are printing) is a 0 (null byte)
+    je done ; if so, jump to done
+
+    ; print with BIOS help
+    mov ah, 0x0e
+    int 0x10 ; char already in al
+
+    add bx, 1 ; increment pointer
+    jmp start ; repeat
+
+done:
+    popa
+    ret
+
+print_nl:
+    pusha
+
+    mov ah, 0x0e
+    mov al, 0x0a ; newline char
+    int 0x10
+    mov al, 0x0d ; carriage return
+    int 0x10
+
+    popa
+    ret
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/boot/output/print_hex.asm b/src/boot/output/print_hex.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e6df82b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/boot/output/print_hex.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+; data in dx
+print_hex:
+    pusha
+
+    mov cx, 0 ; index var
+
+hex_loop:
+    cmp cx, 4 ; loop 4 times
+    je end
+
+    ; 1) convert last char of 'dx' to ascii
+    mov ax, dx ; ax is working register
+    and ax, 0x000f ; 0x1234 -> 0x0004
+    add al, 0x30 ; add 0x30 to N to convert it to ascii "n"
+    cmp al, 0x39 ; if > 9, add extra 8 to represent a-f
+    jle step2
+    add al, 7 ; A is ascii 64 instead of 58, 65-58 = 7
+
+step2:
+    ; 2) get correct pos of string to place char
+    ; bx <- base address + string length - index
+    mov bx, HEX_OUT + 5
+    sub bx, cx ; cx: index
+    mov [bx], al ; copy ascii char on al to pos pointed by bx
+    ror dx, 4 ; 1234 - 4123 - 3412 - 2341 - 1234
+
+    add cx, 1
+    jmp hex_loop
+
+end:
+    mov bx, HEX_OUT
+    call print
+
+    popa
+    ret
+
+HEX_OUT:
+    db '0x0000', 0 ; reserve memory for string
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/boot/output/vga-print.asm b/src/boot/output/vga-print.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9055e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/boot/output/vga-print.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+[bits 32]
+
+; defining constants
+VIDEO_MEMORY equ 0xb8000
+WHITE_ON_BLACK equ 0x0f ; color byte
+
+print_string_pm:
+    pusha
+    mov edx, VIDEO_MEMORY
+
+print_string_pm_loop:
+    mov al, [ebx] ; [ebx] is address of char
+    mov ah, WHITE_ON_BLACK
+
+    cmp al, 0 ; is end of string?
+    je print_string_pm_done
+
+    mov [edx], ax ; store char + attribute in video memory
+    add ebx, 1 ; next char
+    add edx, 2 ; next video memory position
+
+    jmp print_string_pm_loop
+
+print_string_pm_done:
+    popa
+    ret
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/boot/protected/gdt.asm b/src/boot/protected/gdt.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2618221
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/boot/protected/gdt.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+gdt_start: ; use labels to compute sizes and jumps
+    ; gdt starts with 8 byte null
+    dd 0x0
+    dd 0x0
+
+; GDT for code segment, base = 0x00000000, length = 0xfffff
+gdt_code:
+    dw 0xffff ; segment length
+    dw 0x0 ; segment base
+    db 0x0 ; segment base
+    db 10011010b ; flags
+    db 11001111b ; flags + segment length
+    db 0x0 ; segment base
+
+; GDT for data segment
+gdt_data:
+    dw 0xffff
+    dw 0x0
+    db 0x0
+    db 10010010b
+    db 11001111b
+    db 0x0
+
+gdt_end:
+
+gdt_descriptor:
+    dw gdt_end - gdt_start - 1 ; size, always 1 less than what it actually is
+    dd gdt_start ; address
+
+CODE_SEG equ gdt_code - gdt_start
+DATA_SEG equ gdt_data - gdt_start
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/boot/protected/protected-switch.asm b/src/boot/protected/protected-switch.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..53708d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/boot/protected/protected-switch.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+[bits 16]
+enable_protected:
+    cli ; Disable interrupts
+    lgdt [gdt_descriptor] ; load the GDT
+    mov eax, cr0
+    or eax, 0x1 ; set 32-bit mode bit
+    mov cr0, eax
+    jmp CODE_SEG:init_protected ; far jump into a different segment
+
+[bits 32]
+init_protected: ; now in 32bit
+    mov ax, DATA_SEG ; update segment registers
+    mov ds, ax
+    mov ss, ax
+    mov es, ax
+    mov fs, ax
+    mov gs, ax
+
+    ; wipe registers clean
+
+    mov ebp, 0x90000 ; update stack to top of free space
+    mov esp, ebp
+
+    call BEGIN_PROTECTED ; call known label with useful code
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/kernel/entry.asm b/src/kernel/entry.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8d38ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kernel/entry.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[bits 32]
+[extern main] ; define callpoint, must have same name as kernel.c entrypoint
+call main ; jump to fun, linker will figure out where it is
+jmp $
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/kernel/kernel.c b/src/kernel/kernel.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a176882
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kernel/kernel.c
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#include "./platform/drivers/ports.h"
+#include "print.h"
+#include "./platform/types.h"
+#include "./platform/interrupts/idt.h"
+#include "./platform/interrupts/isr.h"
+
+void dummy_test_entrypoint() {}
+
+void kernel_welcome() {
+    print_str("Welcome to ");
+    print_set_color(PRINT_COLOR_CYAN, PRINT_COLOR_BLACK);
+    print_str("Shade");
+	print_set_color(PRINT_COLOR_WHITE, PRINT_COLOR_BLACK);
+    print_str("!\n");
+	
+	print_str("shadeOS kernel version ");
+	
+	print_set_color(PRINT_COLOR_YELLOW, PRINT_COLOR_BLACK);
+	print_str("0.2.2");
+	
+	print_set_color(PRINT_COLOR_WHITE, PRINT_COLOR_BLACK);
+	print_newline();
+	
+	print_str("Running on ");
+	
+	print_set_color(PRINT_COLOR_YELLOW, PRINT_COLOR_BLACK);
+	print_str("shade-development");
+
+    print_set_color(PRINT_COLOR_WHITE, PRINT_COLOR_BLACK);
+	
+	print_newline();
+}
+
+// kMain
+void main() {
+    // Initialize screen buffer
+	struct Char* buffer = (struct Char*) 0xb8000;
+    
+    clear_all(); // Clear screen
+    set_cursor_pos(0, 0); // Set cursor position
+    print_set_color(PRINT_COLOR_WHITE, PRINT_COLOR_BLACK); // Set print color
+
+    // welcome messages
+    kernel_msg_ok("Initialized display successfully\n");
+    kernel_welcome();
+
+    print_str("Copyright (c) e3team 2022. All rights reserved.\n");
+    print_str("This program is provided \"as-is\" and no express or implied warranty is provided.\n");
+    print_str("The full license can be found at /sys/LICENCE on this system or ./LICENCE in the source tree.\n");
+
+    print_str("Initializing interrupts...\n");
+    isr_setup();
+    kernel_msg_ok("isr setup done\n");
+
+    // Test interrupts
+    __asm__ __volatile__("int $2");
+    kernel_msg_ok("int 2 not failed");
+    __asm__ __volatile__("int $3");
+    __asm__ __volatile__("int $2");
+    __asm__ __volatile__("int $3");
+    __asm__ __volatile__("int $2");
+    __asm__ __volatile__("int $3");
+
+    kernel_msg_ok("interrupt test completed\n");
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/kernel/platform/drivers/ports.c b/src/kernel/platform/drivers/ports.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34a48db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kernel/platform/drivers/ports.c
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/*
+ * Read 1 byte from specified port
+ */
+unsigned char port_byte_in(unsigned short port) {
+    unsigned char result;
+    // source and dest are backwards.
+    // "=a (result)" set the C variable to the value of register e'a'x
+    // '"d" (port) map the C variable port into e'd'x register
+    __asm__("in %%dx, %%al" : "=a" (result) : "d" (port));
+}
+
+void port_byte_out(unsigned short port, unsigned char data) {
+    // both regs are C vars, nothing is returned, so no '=' in asm syntax
+    // comma because two vars in input area and none in return area
+    __asm__("out %%al, %%dx" : : "a" (data), "d" (port));
+}
+
+unsigned short port_word_in(unsigned short port) {
+    unsigned short result;
+    __asm__("in %%dx, %%ax" : "=a" (result) : "d" (port));
+    return result;
+}
+
+void port_word_out(unsigned short port, unsigned short data) {
+    __asm__("out %%ax, %%dx" : : "a" (data), "d" (port));
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/kernel/platform/drivers/ports.h b/src/kernel/platform/drivers/ports.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d616f0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kernel/platform/drivers/ports.h
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+unsigned char port_byte_in(unsigned short port);
+void port_byte_out(unsigned short port, unsigned char data);
+unsigned short port_word_in(unsigned short port);
+void port_word_out(unsigned short port, unsigned short data);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/kernel/platform/interrupts/idt.c b/src/kernel/platform/interrupts/idt.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c3f48d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kernel/platform/interrupts/idt.c
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#include "idt.h"
+#include "../../util.h"
+
+idt_gate_t idt[IDT_ENTRIES];
+idt_pointer_t idt_ptr;
+
+void idt_set_gate(int n, u32 handler_addr) {
+    idt[n].low_offset = low16(handler_addr);
+    idt[n].sel = KERNEL_CS;
+    idt[n].reserved = 0;
+    idt[n].flags = 0x8E; 
+    idt[n].high_offset = high16(handler_addr);
+}
+
+void idt_set() {
+    idt_ptr.base = (u32) &idt;
+    idt_ptr.limit = IDT_ENTRIES * sizeof(idt_gate_t) - 1;
+    /* Don't make the mistake of loading &idt -- always load &idt_reg */
+    __asm__ __volatile__("lidtl (%0)" : : "r" (&idt_ptr));
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/kernel/platform/interrupts/idt.h b/src/kernel/platform/interrupts/idt.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93c723e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kernel/platform/interrupts/idt.h
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#ifndef IDT_H
+#define IDT_H
+
+#include "../types.h"
+
+#define KERNEL_CS 0x08
+#define IDT_ENTRIES 256
+
+// An entry in the IDT
+typedef struct {
+    u16 low_offset;  // Low 16 bits of handler address
+    u16 sel;         // Kernel code segment selector
+    u8  reserved;    // Always zero
+    u8  flags;       // x xx x xxxx, Present, ring, type, 1110 = "32bit int gate"
+    u16 high_offset; // High 16 bits of handler address
+} __attribute__((packed)) idt_gate_t;
+
+// The IDT itself
+typedef struct {
+    u16 limit;
+    u32 base;
+} __attribute__((packed)) idt_pointer_t;
+
+void idt_set_gate(int n, u32 handler_addr);
+void idt_set();
+
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/kernel/platform/interrupts/int.asm b/src/kernel/platform/interrupts/int.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9edc58e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kernel/platform/interrupts/int.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+; in isr.c
+[extern isr_handler]
+
+isr_common_stub:
+    ; Save CPU state
+    pusha ; Pushes edi,esi,ebp,esp,ebx,edx,ecx,eax
+	mov ax, ds ; Lower 16-bits of eax = ds.
+	push eax ; save the data segment descriptor
+	mov ax, 0x10  ; kernel data segment descriptor
+	mov ds, ax
+	mov es, ax
+	mov fs, ax
+	mov gs, ax
+
+    ; Call C handler
+    call isr_handler
+
+    ; Restore CPU state
+    pop eax 
+	mov ds, ax
+	mov es, ax
+	mov fs, ax
+	mov gs, ax
+	popa
+	add esp, 8 ; Cleans up the pushed error code and pushed ISR number
+	sti
+	iret ; pops 5 things at once: CS, EIP, EFLAGS, SS, and ESP
+
+; We don't get information about which interrupt was caller
+; when the handler is run, so we will need to have a different handler
+; for every interrupt.
+; Furthermore, some interrupts push an error code onto the stack but others
+; don't, so we will push a dummy error code for those which don't, so that
+; we have a consistent stack for all of them.
+
+; First make the ISRs global
+global isr00
+global isr01
+global isr02
+global isr03
+global isr04
+global isr05
+global isr06
+global isr07
+global isr08
+global isr09
+global isr10
+global isr11
+global isr12
+global isr13
+global isr14
+global isr15
+global isr16
+global isr17
+global isr18
+global isr19
+global isr20
+global isr21
+global isr22
+global isr23
+global isr24
+global isr25
+global isr26
+global isr27
+global isr28
+global isr29
+global isr30
+global isr31
+
+; 0: Divide By Zero Exception
+isr00:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 0
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 1: Debug Exception
+isr01:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 1
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 2: Non Maskable Interrupt Exception
+isr02:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 2
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 3: Int 3 Exception
+isr03:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 3
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 4: INTO Exception
+isr04:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 4
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 5: Out of Bounds Exception
+isr05:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 5
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 6: Invalid Opcode Exception
+isr06:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 6
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 7: Coprocessor Not Available Exception
+isr07:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 7
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 8: Double Fault Exception (With Error Code!)
+isr08:
+    cli
+    push byte 8
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 9: Coprocessor Segment Overrun Exception
+isr09:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 9
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 10: Bad TSS Exception (With Error Code!)
+isr10:
+    cli
+    push byte 10
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 11: Segment Not Present Exception (With Error Code!)
+isr11:
+    cli
+    push byte 11
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 12: Stack Fault Exception (With Error Code!)
+isr12:
+    cli
+    push byte 12
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 13: General Protection Fault Exception (With Error Code!)
+isr13:
+    cli
+    push byte 13
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 14: Page Fault Exception (With Error Code!)
+isr14:
+    cli
+    push byte 14
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 15: Reserved Exception
+isr15:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 15
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 16: Floating Point Exception
+isr16:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 16
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 17: Alignment Check Exception
+isr17:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 17
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 18: Machine Check Exception
+isr18:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 18
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 19: Reserved
+isr19:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 19
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 20: Reserved
+isr20:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 20
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 21: Reserved
+isr21:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 21
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 22: Reserved
+isr22:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 22
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 23: Reserved
+isr23:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 23
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 24: Reserved
+isr24:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 24
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 25: Reserved
+isr25:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 25
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 26: Reserved
+isr26:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 26
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 27: Reserved
+isr27:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 27
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 28: Reserved
+isr28:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 28
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 29: Reserved
+isr29:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 29
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 30: Reserved
+isr30:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 30
+    jmp isr_common_stub
+
+; 31: Reserved
+isr31:
+    cli
+    push byte 0
+    push byte 31
+    jmp isr_common_stub
diff --git a/src/kernel/platform/interrupts/isr.c b/src/kernel/platform/interrupts/isr.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..89ec4ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kernel/platform/interrupts/isr.c
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+#include "isr.h"
+#include "idt.h"
+#include "../../print.h"
+#include "../../util.h"
+
+void isr_setup() {
+    idt_set_gate(0, (u32)isr00);
+    idt_set_gate(1, (u32)isr01);
+    idt_set_gate(2, (u32)isr02);
+    idt_set_gate(3, (u32)isr03);
+    idt_set_gate(4, (u32)isr04);
+    idt_set_gate(5, (u32)isr05);
+    idt_set_gate(6, (u32)isr06);
+    idt_set_gate(7, (u32)isr07);
+    idt_set_gate(8, (u32)isr08);
+    idt_set_gate(9, (u32)isr09);
+    idt_set_gate(10, (u32)isr10);
+    idt_set_gate(11, (u32)isr11);
+    idt_set_gate(12, (u32)isr12);
+    idt_set_gate(13, (u32)isr13);
+    idt_set_gate(14, (u32)isr14);
+    idt_set_gate(15, (u32)isr15);
+    idt_set_gate(16, (u32)isr16);
+    idt_set_gate(17, (u32)isr17);
+    idt_set_gate(18, (u32)isr18);
+    idt_set_gate(19, (u32)isr19);
+    idt_set_gate(20, (u32)isr20);
+    idt_set_gate(21, (u32)isr21);
+    idt_set_gate(22, (u32)isr22);
+    idt_set_gate(23, (u32)isr23);
+    idt_set_gate(24, (u32)isr24);
+    idt_set_gate(25, (u32)isr25);
+    idt_set_gate(26, (u32)isr26);
+    idt_set_gate(27, (u32)isr27);
+    idt_set_gate(28, (u32)isr28);
+    idt_set_gate(29, (u32)isr29);
+    idt_set_gate(30, (u32)isr30);
+    idt_set_gate(31, (u32)isr31);
+
+    idt_set();    
+}
+
+char *exception_messages[] = {
+    "Division By Zero",
+    "Debug",
+    "Non Maskable Interrupt",
+    "Breakpoint",
+    "Into Detected Overflow",
+    "Out of Bounds",
+    "Invalid Opcode",
+    "No Coprocessor",
+
+    "Double Fault",
+    "Coprocessor Segment Overrun",
+    "Bad TSS",
+    "Segment Not Present",
+    "Stack Fault",
+    "General Protection Fault",
+    "Page Fault",
+    "Unknown Interrupt",
+
+    "Coprocessor Fault",
+    "Alignment Check",
+    "Machine Check",
+    "Reserved",
+    "Reserved",
+    "Reserved",
+    "Reserved",
+    "Reserved",
+
+    "Reserved",
+    "Reserved",
+    "Reserved",
+    "Reserved",
+    "Reserved",
+    "Reserved",
+    "Reserved",
+    "Reserved"
+};
+
+void isr_handler(registers_t r) {
+    print_str("int: ");
+    char s[3];
+    int_to_ascii(r.int_no, s);
+    print_str(s);
+    print_str("\n");
+    print_str(exception_messages[r.int_no]);
+    print_str("\n");
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/kernel/platform/interrupts/isr.h b/src/kernel/platform/interrupts/isr.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d00a26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kernel/platform/interrupts/isr.h
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "../types.h"
+
+typedef struct {
+    u32 ds;                                     // Data segment selector
+    u32 edi, esi, ebp, esp, ebx, edx, ecx, eax; // Pushed by pusha
+    u32 int_no, err_code;                       // Interrupt number and error code (if present)
+    u32 eip, cs, eflags, useresp, ss;           // Pushed automatically by the CPU
+} registers_t;
+
+// CPU exception interrupts
+// ^ - pushes error code
+extern void isr00(); //  Division by Zero
+extern void isr01(); //  Debug Exception
+extern void isr02(); //  Non Maskable Interrupt
+extern void isr03(); //  Breakpoint
+extern void isr04(); //  Into detected overflow?
+extern void isr05(); //  Out of Bounds
+extern void isr06(); //  Invalid opcode
+extern void isr07(); //  No coprocessor
+extern void isr08(); //^ Double fault
+extern void isr09(); //  Coprocessor segment overrun
+extern void isr10(); //^ Bad TSS
+extern void isr11(); //^ Segment not present
+extern void isr12(); //^ Stack fault
+extern void isr13(); //^ General Protection Fault
+extern void isr14(); //^ Page Fault
+extern void isr15(); //  Unknown Interrupt
+extern void isr16(); //  Coprocessor Fault
+extern void isr17(); //  Alignment check exception
+extern void isr18(); //  Machine check exception
+extern void isr19(); //  Reserved
+extern void isr20(); //  Reserved
+extern void isr21(); //  Reserved
+extern void isr22(); //  Reserved
+extern void isr23(); //  Reserved
+extern void isr24(); //  Reserved
+extern void isr25(); //  Reserved
+extern void isr26(); //  Reserved
+extern void isr27(); //  Reserved
+extern void isr28(); //  Reserved
+extern void isr29(); //  Reserved
+extern void isr30(); //  Reserved
+extern void isr31(); //  Reserved
+
+void isr_setup();
+void isr_handler(registers_t r);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/kernel/platform/types.h b/src/kernel/platform/types.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e18f414
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kernel/platform/types.h
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#ifndef TYPES_H
+#define TYPES_H
+
+typedef unsigned int   u32;
+typedef          int   i32;
+typedef unsigned short u16;
+typedef          short i16;
+typedef unsigned char  u8;
+typedef          char  i8;
+
+#define high16(i32) (i32 & 0xffff)
+#define low16(i32) ((i32>>16) & 0xffff)
+
+#define TRUE 1
+#define FALSE 0
+#define NULL 0
+ 
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/kernel/print.c b/src/kernel/print.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..014de03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kernel/print.c
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+#include "print.h"
+#include "./platform/drivers/ports.h"
+
+int row = 0;
+int col = 0;
+char color = PRINT_COLOR_WHITE | PRINT_COLOR_BLACK << 4;
+
+void clear_row(int row) {
+    struct Char* buffer = (struct Char*) 0xb8000;
+
+    struct Char empty = (struct Char) {
+        character: ' ',
+        color: color,
+    };
+
+    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_COLS; x++) {
+        buffer[x + NUM_COLS * row] = empty;
+    }
+    set_cursor_pos(col, row);
+}
+
+void clear_all() {
+    for (int i = 0; i < NUM_ROWS; i++) {
+        clear_row(i);
+    }
+    set_cursor_pos(col, row);
+}
+
+void print_newline() {
+    struct Char* buffer = (struct Char*) 0xb8000;
+
+    col = 0;
+
+    if (row < NUM_ROWS - 1) {
+        row++;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    for (int row = 1; row < NUM_ROWS; row++) {
+        for (int col = 0; col < NUM_COLS; col++) {
+            struct Char character = buffer[col + NUM_COLS * row];
+            buffer[col + NUM_COLS * (row - 1)] = character;
+        }
+    }
+
+    clear_row(NUM_COLS - 1);
+    set_cursor_pos(col, row);
+}
+
+void print_char(char character) {
+    struct Char* buffer = (struct Char*) 0xb8000;
+
+    if (character == '\n') {
+        print_newline();
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (col > NUM_COLS) {
+        print_newline();
+    }
+
+    struct Char cr = (struct Char) {
+        character: character,
+        color: color,
+    };
+    buffer[col + NUM_COLS * row] = cr;
+
+    col++;
+    set_cursor_pos(col, row);
+}
+
+void print_str(char* str) {
+    for (int i = 0; 1; i++) {
+        char character = (char) str[i];
+
+        if (character == '\0') {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        print_char(character);
+    }
+}
+
+void print_set_color(char foreground, char background) {
+    color = foreground + (background << 4);
+}
+
+void set_cursor_pos(int col, int row) {
+   int offset = col + NUM_COLS * row;
+   port_byte_out(REG_SCREEN_CTRL, 14);
+   port_byte_out(REG_SCREEN_DATA, (unsigned char)(offset >> 8));
+   port_byte_out(REG_SCREEN_CTRL, 15);
+   port_byte_out(REG_SCREEN_DATA, (unsigned char)(offset & 0xff)); 
+}
+
+void kernel_msg_ok(char* msg) {
+	char ok_p1[] = "[ ";
+	char ok_p2[] = "OK ";
+	char ok_p3[] = "] ";
+	
+	print_set_color(PRINT_COLOR_WHITE, PRINT_COLOR_BLACK);
+	print_str(ok_p1);
+	
+	print_set_color(PRINT_COLOR_GREEN, PRINT_COLOR_BLACK);
+	print_str(ok_p2);
+	
+	print_set_color(PRINT_COLOR_WHITE, PRINT_COLOR_BLACK);
+	print_str(ok_p3);
+	print_str(msg);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/kernel/print.h b/src/kernel/print.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..edd8a9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kernel/print.h
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#ifndef PRINT_H
+#define PRINT_H
+#define REG_SCREEN_CTRL 0x3d4
+#define REG_SCREEN_DATA 0x3d5
+
+enum {
+    PRINT_COLOR_BLACK = 0,
+	PRINT_COLOR_BLUE = 1,
+	PRINT_COLOR_GREEN = 2,
+	PRINT_COLOR_CYAN = 3,
+	PRINT_COLOR_RED = 4,
+	PRINT_COLOR_MAGENTA = 5,
+	PRINT_COLOR_BROWN = 6,
+	PRINT_COLOR_LIGHT_GRAY = 7,
+	PRINT_COLOR_DARK_GRAY = 8,
+	PRINT_COLOR_LIGHT_BLUE = 9,
+	PRINT_COLOR_LIGHT_GREEN = 10,
+	PRINT_COLOR_LIGHT_CYAN = 11,
+	PRINT_COLOR_LIGHT_RED = 12,
+	PRINT_COLOR_PINK = 13,
+	PRINT_COLOR_YELLOW = 14,
+	PRINT_COLOR_WHITE = 15,
+};
+
+const static int NUM_COLS = 80;
+const static int NUM_ROWS = 25;
+
+struct Char {
+    char character;
+    char color;
+};
+
+void clear_row(int row);
+void clear_all();
+
+void print_newline();
+void print_char(char character);
+void print_set_color(char foreground, char background);
+void print_str(char* str);
+
+void set_cursor_pos(int col, int row);
+
+void kernel_msg_ok(char* msg);
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/kernel/strings.c b/src/kernel/strings.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79897f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kernel/strings.c
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#include "strings.h"
+#include "./platform/types.h"
+
+void itoa(int n, char str[]) {
+    int i, sign;
+    if ((sign = n) < 0) n = -n;
+    i = 0;
+    do {
+        str[i++] = n % 10 + '0';
+    } while ((n /= 10) > 0);
+
+    if (sign < 0) str[i++] = '-';
+    str[i] = '\0';
+
+    strrev(str);
+}
+
+/* K&R */
+void strrev(char s[]) {
+    int c, i, j;
+    for (i = 0, j = strlen(s)-1; i < j; i++, j--) {
+        c = s[i];
+        s[i] = s[j];
+        s[j] = c;
+    }
+}
+
+/* K&R */
+int strlen(char s[]) {
+    int i = 0;
+    while (s[i] != '\0') ++i;
+    return i;
+}
+
+char* strcpy(char* strDest, const char* strSrc) {
+    if ( (strDest == NULL) || (strSrc == NULL) ) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    char* strDestCopy = strDest;
+    while ((*strDest++=*strSrc++)!='\0');
+    return strDestCopy;
+}
+
+char* strcnc(char* str1, char* str2) {
+    char* str_dest;
+    strcpy(str_dest, str1);
+    strcpy(str_dest, str2);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/kernel/strings.h b/src/kernel/strings.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee4402a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kernel/strings.h
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#ifndef STRINGS_H
+#define STRINGS_H
+
+void itoa(int n, char str[]);
+void strrev(char s[]);
+int strlen(char s[]);
+char* strcpy(char* strDest, const char* strSrc);
+char* strcnc(char* str1, char* str2);
+
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/kernel/util.c b/src/kernel/util.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e945d94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kernel/util.c
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#include "util.h"
+
+void memcpy(char *source, char *dest, int nbytes) {
+    int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < nbytes; i++) {
+        *(dest + i) = *(source + i);
+    }
+}
+
+void memset(char *dest, char val, int len) {
+    char *temp = (char *)dest;
+    for(; len !=0; len--) *temp++ = val;
+}
+
+void int_to_ascii(int n, char str[]) {
+    int i, sign;
+    if ((sign = n) < 0) n = -n;
+    i = 0;
+    do {
+        str[i++] = n % 10 + '0';
+    } while ((n /= 10) > 0);
+
+    if (sign < 0) str[i++] = '-';
+    str[i] = '\0';
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/kernel/util.h b/src/kernel/util.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..889ccb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kernel/util.h
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#ifndef UTIL_H
+#define UTIL_H
+
+void memcpy(char *source, char *dest, int nbytes);
+void memset(char *dest, char val, int len);
+void int_to_ascii(int n, char str[]);
+
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file